Some fumes can cause heart failure or suffocation. If used in combination with other drugs such as alcohol or sleeping pills, it can be fatal. At best, a headache follows use. Other related health problems from ongoing use include memory loss, brain damage, anemia, changes in personality, weight loss, muscle tremors and weakness, loss of coordination, fatigue, and nerve damage. Chemical poisoning can cause permanent brain, liver, and kidney damage.

Depending on the chemical, the effects from inhalants can include feelings of euphoria, fewer inhibitions, and increased risk-taking. Other effects can include loss of coordination, dizziness, runny nose and watering eyes, and sneezing and coughing.

Inhalant dependence is psychological, meaning that the addicted person feels that he or she cannot function without using the drug. Some people may be more prone to addiction, including those suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, or other mental conditions. Those with a family history may be more prone to addiction, as are those who use other drugs as well.

Treatment for inhalant dependence requires that the use stop using all inhalants. Withdrawal symptoms may be uncomfortable, but are not harmful. These can include irritability, restlessness, depression, and fatigue. If the problem is severe, the person may experience aggressiveness or hallucinations. Both in-patient and outpatient treatment options are available. Support groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or counseling may also be helpful. Sometimes medications may be used to help the person deal with withdrawal symptoms.